Issue #19190: Improve cross-references in builtin types and functions documentation.

Doc/glossary.rst

@@ -547,9 +547,9 @@ Glossary
       dictionaries.  There are the local, global and built-in namespaces as well
       as nested namespaces in objects (in methods).  Namespaces support
       modularity by preventing naming conflicts.  For instance, the functions
-      :func:`builtins.open` and :func:`os.open` are distinguished by their
-      namespaces.  Namespaces also aid readability and maintainability by making
-      it clear which module implements a function.  For instance, writing
+      :func:`builtins.open <.open>` and :func:`os.open` are distinguished by
+      their namespaces.  Namespaces also aid readability and maintainability by
+      making it clear which module implements a function.  For instance, writing
       :func:`random.seed` or :func:`itertools.islice` makes it clear that those
       functions are implemented by the :mod:`random` and :mod:`itertools`
       modules, respectively.
@@ -574,8 +574,8 @@ Glossary
    new-style class
       Old name for the flavor of classes now used for all class objects.  In
       earlier Python versions, only new-style classes could use Python's newer,
-      versatile features like :attr:`__slots__`, descriptors, properties,
-      :meth:`__getattribute__`, class methods, and static methods.
+      versatile features like :attr:`~object.__slots__`, descriptors,
+      properties, :meth:`__getattribute__`, class methods, and static methods.
 
    object
       Any data with state (attributes or value) and defined behavior
@@ -790,7 +790,8 @@ Glossary
    type
       The type of a Python object determines what kind of object it is; every
       object has a type.  An object's type is accessible as its
-      :attr:`__class__` attribute or can be retrieved with ``type(obj)``.
+      :attr:`~instance.__class__` attribute or can be retrieved with
+      ``type(obj)``.
 
    universal newlines
       A manner of interpreting text streams in which all of the following are

Doc/library/functions.rst

@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 
    Future statements are specified by bits which can be bitwise ORed together to
    specify multiple statements.  The bitfield required to specify a given feature
-   can be found as the :attr:`compiler_flag` attribute on the :class:`_Feature`
-   instance in the :mod:`__future__` module.
+   can be found as the :attr:`~__future__._Feature.compiler_flag` attribute on
+   the :class:`~__future__._Feature` instance in the :mod:`__future__` module.
 
    The argument *optimize* specifies the optimization level of the compiler; the
    default value of ``-1`` selects the optimization level of the interpreter as
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 
    One useful application of the second form of :func:`iter` is to read lines of
    a file until a certain line is reached.  The following example reads a file
-   until the :meth:`readline` method returns an empty string::
+   until the :meth:`~io.TextIOBase.readline` method returns an empty string::
 
       with open('mydata.txt') as fp:
           for line in iter(fp.readline, ''):
@@ -810,8 +810,8 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 
    .. note::
 
-      :class:`object` does *not* have a :attr:`__dict__`, so you can't assign
-      arbitrary attributes to an instance of the :class:`object` class.
+      :class:`object` does *not* have a :attr:`~object.__dict__`, so you can't
+      assign arbitrary attributes to an instance of the :class:`object` class.
 
 
 .. function:: oct(x)
@@ -889,9 +889,9 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
      size" and falling back on :attr:`io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.  On many systems,
      the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.
 
-   * "Interactive" text files (files for which :meth:`isatty` returns True) use
-     line buffering.  Other text files use the policy described above for binary
-     files.
+   * "Interactive" text files (files for which :meth:`~io.IOBase.isatty`
+     returns True) use line buffering.  Other text files use the policy
+     described above for binary files.
 
    *encoding* is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the file.
    This should only be used in text mode.  The default encoding is platform
@@ -1096,10 +1096,10 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
    turns the :meth:`voltage` method into a "getter" for a read-only attribute
    with the same name.
 
-   A property object has :attr:`getter`, :attr:`setter`, and :attr:`deleter`
-   methods usable as decorators that create a copy of the property with the
-   corresponding accessor function set to the decorated function.  This is
-   best explained with an example::
+   A property object has :attr:`~property.getter`, :attr:`~property.setter`,
+   and :attr:`~property.deleter` methods usable as decorators that create a
+   copy of the property with the corresponding accessor function set to the
+   decorated function.  This is best explained with an example::
 
       class C:
           def __init__(self):
@@ -1205,13 +1205,13 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 
    Return a :term:`slice` object representing the set of indices specified by
    ``range(start, stop, step)``.  The *start* and *step* arguments default to
-   ``None``.  Slice objects have read-only data attributes :attr:`start`,
-   :attr:`stop` and :attr:`step` which merely return the argument values (or their
-   default).  They have no other explicit functionality; however they are used by
-   Numerical Python and other third party extensions.  Slice objects are also
-   generated when extended indexing syntax is used.  For example:
-   ``a[start:stop:step]`` or ``a[start:stop, i]``.  See :func:`itertools.islice`
-   for an alternate version that returns an iterator.
+   ``None``.  Slice objects have read-only data attributes :attr:`~slice.start`,
+   :attr:`~slice.stop` and :attr:`~slice.step` which merely return the argument
+   values (or their default).  They have no other explicit functionality;
+   however they are used by Numerical Python and other third party extensions.
+   Slice objects are also generated when extended indexing syntax is used.  For
+   example: ``a[start:stop:step]`` or ``a[start:stop, i]``.  See
+   :func:`itertools.islice` for an alternate version that returns an iterator.
 
 
 .. function:: sorted(iterable[, key][, reverse])
@@ -1291,9 +1291,10 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
    been overridden in a class. The search order is same as that used by
    :func:`getattr` except that the *type* itself is skipped.
 
-   The :attr:`__mro__` attribute of the *type* lists the method resolution
-   search order used by both :func:`getattr` and :func:`super`.  The attribute
-   is dynamic and can change whenever the inheritance hierarchy is updated.
+   The :attr:`~class.__mro__` attribute of the *type* lists the method
+   resolution search order used by both :func:`getattr` and :func:`super`.  The
+   attribute is dynamic and can change whenever the inheritance hierarchy is
+   updated.
 
    If the second argument is omitted, the super object returned is unbound.  If
    the second argument is an object, ``isinstance(obj, type)`` must be true.  If
@@ -1356,7 +1357,8 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 
 
    With one argument, return the type of an *object*.  The return value is a
-   type object and generally the same object as returned by ``object.__class__``.
+   type object and generally the same object as returned by
+   :attr:`object.__class__ <instance.__class__>`.
 
    The :func:`isinstance` built-in function is recommended for testing the type
    of an object, because it takes subclasses into account.
@@ -1364,11 +1366,11 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 
    With three arguments, return a new type object.  This is essentially a
    dynamic form of the :keyword:`class` statement. The *name* string is the
-   class name and becomes the :attr:`__name__` attribute; the *bases* tuple
-   itemizes the base classes and becomes the :attr:`__bases__` attribute;
-   and the *dict* dictionary is the namespace containing definitions for class
-   body and becomes the :attr:`__dict__` attribute.  For example, the
-   following two statements create identical :class:`type` objects:
+   class name and becomes the :attr:`~class.__name__` attribute; the *bases*
+   tuple itemizes the base classes and becomes the :attr:`~class.__bases__`
+   attribute; and the *dict* dictionary is the namespace containing definitions
+   for class body and becomes the :attr:`~object.__dict__` attribute.  For
+   example, the following two statements create identical :class:`type` objects:
 
       >>> class X:
       ...     a = 1
@@ -1380,7 +1382,7 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 
 .. function:: vars([object])
 
-   Return the :attr:`__dict__` attribute for a module, class, instance,
+   Return the :attr:`~object.__dict__` attribute for a module, class, instance,
    or any other object with a :attr:`__dict__` attribute.
 
    Objects such as modules and instances have an updateable :attr:`__dict__`

Doc/library/stdtypes.rst

@@ -339,8 +339,8 @@ Notes:
       pair: C; language
 
    Conversion from floating point to integer may round or truncate
-   as in C; see functions :func:`floor` and :func:`ceil` in the :mod:`math` module
-   for well-defined conversions.
+   as in C; see functions :func:`math.floor` and :func:`math.ceil` for
+   well-defined conversions.
 
 (4)
    float also accepts the strings "nan" and "inf" with an optional prefix "+"
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ efficiency across a variety of numeric types (including :class:`int`,
 :class:`float`, :class:`decimal.Decimal` and :class:`fractions.Fraction`)
 Python's hash for numeric types is based on a single mathematical function
 that's defined for any rational number, and hence applies to all instances of
-:class:`int` and :class:`fraction.Fraction`, and all finite instances of
+:class:`int` and :class:`fractions.Fraction`, and all finite instances of
 :class:`float` and :class:`decimal.Decimal`.  Essentially, this function is
 given by reduction modulo ``P`` for a fixed prime ``P``.  The value of ``P`` is
 made available to Python as the :attr:`modulus` attribute of
@@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@ The advantage of the :class:`range` type over a regular :class:`list` or
 only stores the ``start``, ``stop`` and ``step`` values, calculating individual
 items and subranges as needed).
 
-Range objects implement the :class:`collections.Sequence` ABC, and provide
+Range objects implement the :class:`collections.abc.Sequence` ABC, and provide
 features such as containment tests, element index lookup, slicing and
 support for negative indices (see :ref:`typesseq`):
 
@@ -1326,9 +1326,9 @@ support for negative indices (see :ref:`typesseq`):
 Testing range objects for equality with ``==`` and ``!=`` compares
 them as sequences.  That is, two range objects are considered equal if
 they represent the same sequence of values.  (Note that two range
-objects that compare equal might have different :attr:`start`,
-:attr:`stop` and :attr:`step` attributes, for example ``range(0) ==
-range(2, 1, 3)`` or ``range(0, 3, 2) == range(0, 4, 2)``.)
+objects that compare equal might have different :attr:`~range.start`,
+:attr:`~range.stop` and :attr:`~range.step` attributes, for example
+``range(0) == range(2, 1, 3)`` or ``range(0, 3, 2) == range(0, 4, 2)``.)
 
 .. versionchanged:: 3.2
    Implement the Sequence ABC.
@@ -1342,7 +1342,8 @@ range(2, 1, 3)`` or ``range(0, 3, 2) == range(0, 4, 2)``.)
    object identity).
 
 .. versionadded:: 3.3
-   The :attr:`start`, :attr:`stop` and :attr:`step` attributes.
+   The :attr:`~range.start`, :attr:`~range.stop` and :attr:`~range.step`
+   attributes.
 
 
 .. index::
@@ -2298,7 +2299,7 @@ in the range 0 to 255 (inclusive) as well as bytes and byte array sequences.
    (inclusive) as their first argument.
 
 
-Each bytes and bytearray instance provides a :meth:`decode` convenience
+Each bytes and bytearray instance provides a :meth:`~bytes.decode` convenience
 method that is the inverse of :meth:`str.encode`:
 
 .. method:: bytes.decode(encoding="utf-8", errors="strict")
@@ -2805,11 +2806,11 @@ other sequence-like behavior.
 
 There are currently two built-in set types, :class:`set` and :class:`frozenset`.
 The :class:`set` type is mutable --- the contents can be changed using methods
-like :meth:`add` and :meth:`remove`.  Since it is mutable, it has no hash value
-and cannot be used as either a dictionary key or as an element of another set.
-The :class:`frozenset` type is immutable and :term:`hashable` --- its contents cannot be
-altered after it is created; it can therefore be used as a dictionary key or as
-an element of another set.
+like :meth:`~set.add` and :meth:`~set.remove`.  Since it is mutable, it has no
+hash value and cannot be used as either a dictionary key or as an element of
+another set.  The :class:`frozenset` type is immutable and :term:`hashable` ---
+its contents cannot be altered after it is created; it can therefore be used as
+a dictionary key or as an element of another set.
 
 Non-empty sets (not frozensets) can be created by placing a comma-separated list
 of elements within braces, for example: ``{'jack', 'sjoerd'}``, in addition to the
@@ -3350,12 +3351,12 @@ statement is not, strictly speaking, an operation on a module object; ``import
 foo`` does not require a module object named *foo* to exist, rather it requires
 an (external) *definition* for a module named *foo* somewhere.)
 
-A special attribute of every module is :attr:`__dict__`. This is the dictionary
-containing the module's symbol table. Modifying this dictionary will actually
-change the module's symbol table, but direct assignment to the :attr:`__dict__`
-attribute is not possible (you can write ``m.__dict__['a'] = 1``, which defines
-``m.a`` to be ``1``, but you can't write ``m.__dict__ = {}``).  Modifying
-:attr:`__dict__` directly is not recommended.
+A special attribute of every module is :attr:`~object.__dict__`. This is the
+dictionary containing the module's symbol table. Modifying this dictionary will
+actually change the module's symbol table, but direct assignment to the
+:attr:`__dict__` attribute is not possible (you can write
+``m.__dict__['a'] = 1``, which defines ``m.a`` to be ``1``, but you can't write
+``m.__dict__ = {}``).  Modifying :attr:`__dict__` directly is not recommended.
 
 Modules built into the interpreter are written like this: ``<module 'sys'
 (built-in)>``.  If loaded from a file, they are written as ``<module 'os' from
@@ -3590,7 +3591,7 @@ types, where they are relevant.  Some of these are not reported by the
 
    This method can be overridden by a metaclass to customize the method
    resolution order for its instances.  It is called at class instantiation, and
-   its result is stored in :attr:`__mro__`.
+   its result is stored in :attr:`~class.__mro__`.
 
 
 .. method:: class.__subclasses__

Doc/reference/datamodel.rst

@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ Sequences
          represented by integers in the range 0 <= x < 256.  Bytes literals
          (like ``b'abc'``) and the built-in function :func:`bytes` can be used to
          construct bytes objects.  Also, bytes objects can be decoded to strings
-         via the :meth:`decode` method.
+         via the :meth:`~bytes.decode` method.
 
    Mutable sequences
       .. index::
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ Set types
 
       These represent a mutable set. They are created by the built-in :func:`set`
       constructor and can be modified afterwards by several methods, such as
-      :meth:`add`.
+      :meth:`~set.add`.
 
    Frozen sets
       .. index:: object: frozenset
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ Callable types
       A function or method which uses the :keyword:`yield` statement (see section
       :ref:`yield`) is called a :dfn:`generator function`.  Such a function, when
       called, always returns an iterator object which can be used to execute the
-      body of the function:  calling the iterator's :meth:`iterator__next__`
+      body of the function:  calling the iterator's :meth:`iterator.__next__`
       method will cause the function to execute until it provides a value
       using the :keyword:`yield` statement.  When the function executes a
       :keyword:`return` statement or falls off the end, a :exc:`StopIteration`
@@ -748,10 +748,10 @@ Custom classes
 
    Special attributes: :attr:`__name__` is the class name; :attr:`__module__` is
    the module name in which the class was defined; :attr:`__dict__` is the
-   dictionary containing the class's namespace; :attr:`__bases__` is a tuple
-   (possibly empty or a singleton) containing the base classes, in the order of
-   their occurrence in the base class list; :attr:`__doc__` is the class's
-   documentation string, or None if undefined.
+   dictionary containing the class's namespace; :attr:`~class.__bases__` is a
+   tuple (possibly empty or a singleton) containing the base classes, in the
+   order of their occurrence in the base class list; :attr:`__doc__` is the
+   class's documentation string, or None if undefined.
 
 Class instances
    .. index::
@@ -793,8 +793,8 @@ Class instances
       single: __dict__ (instance attribute)
       single: __class__ (instance attribute)
 
-   Special attributes: :attr:`__dict__` is the attribute dictionary;
-   :attr:`__class__` is the instance's class.
+   Special attributes: :attr:`~object.__dict__` is the attribute dictionary;
+   :attr:`~instance.__class__` is the instance's class.
 
 I/O objects (also known as file objects)
    .. index::
@@ -812,9 +812,9 @@ I/O objects (also known as file objects)
 
    A :term:`file object` represents an open file.  Various shortcuts are
    available to create file objects: the :func:`open` built-in function, and
-   also :func:`os.popen`, :func:`os.fdopen`, and the :meth:`makefile` method
-   of socket objects (and perhaps by other functions or methods provided
-   by extension modules).
+   also :func:`os.popen`, :func:`os.fdopen`, and the
+   :meth:`~socket.socket.makefile` method of socket objects (and perhaps by
+   other functions or methods provided by extension modules).
 
    The objects ``sys.stdin``, ``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr`` are
    initialized to file objects corresponding to the interpreter's standard
@@ -983,9 +983,9 @@ Internal types
          single: stop (slice object attribute)
          single: step (slice object attribute)
 
-      Special read-only attributes: :attr:`start` is the lower bound; :attr:`stop` is
-      the upper bound; :attr:`step` is the step value; each is ``None`` if omitted.
-      These attributes can have any type.
+      Special read-only attributes: :attr:`~slice.start` is the lower bound;
+      :attr:`~slice.stop` is the upper bound; :attr:`~slice.step` is the step
+      value; each is ``None`` if omitted.  These attributes can have any type.
 
       Slice objects support one method:
 
@@ -1039,7 +1039,8 @@ When implementing a class that emulates any built-in type, it is important that
 the emulation only be implemented to the degree that it makes sense for the
 object being modelled.  For example, some sequences may work well with retrieval
 of individual elements, but extracting a slice may not make sense.  (One example
-of this is the :class:`NodeList` interface in the W3C's Document Object Model.)
+of this is the :class:`~xml.dom.NodeList` interface in the W3C's Document
+Object Model.)
 
 
 .. _customization:
@@ -1763,10 +1764,10 @@ case the instance is itself a class.
 
    :pep:`3119` - Introducing Abstract Base Classes
       Includes the specification for customizing :func:`isinstance` and
-      :func:`issubclass` behavior through :meth:`__instancecheck__` and
-      :meth:`__subclasscheck__`, with motivation for this functionality in the
-      context of adding Abstract Base Classes (see the :mod:`abc` module) to the
-      language.
+      :func:`issubclass` behavior through :meth:`~class.__instancecheck__` and
+      :meth:`~class.__subclasscheck__`, with motivation for this functionality
+      in the context of adding Abstract Base Classes (see the :mod:`abc`
+      module) to the language.
 
 
 .. _callable-types:
@@ -1796,9 +1797,10 @@ a sequence, the allowable keys should be the integers *k* for which ``0 <= k <
 N`` where *N* is the length of the sequence, or slice objects, which define a
 range of items.  It is also recommended that mappings provide the methods
 :meth:`keys`, :meth:`values`, :meth:`items`, :meth:`get`, :meth:`clear`,
-:meth:`setdefault`, :meth:`pop`, :meth:`popitem`, :meth:`copy`, and
+:meth:`setdefault`, :meth:`pop`, :meth:`popitem`, :meth:`!copy`, and
 :meth:`update` behaving similar to those for Python's standard dictionary
-objects.  The :mod:`collections` module provides a :class:`MutableMapping`
+objects.  The :mod:`collections` module provides a
+:class:`~collections.abc.MutableMapping`
 abstract base class to help create those methods from a base set of
 :meth:`__getitem__`, :meth:`__setitem__`, :meth:`__delitem__`, and :meth:`keys`.
 Mutable sequences should provide methods :meth:`append`, :meth:`count`,

Doc/reference/expressions.rst

@@ -336,10 +336,10 @@ the internal evaluation stack.  When the execution is resumed by calling one of
 the generator's methods, the function can proceed exactly as if the
 :keyword:`yield` expression was just another external call.  The value of the
 :keyword:`yield` expression after resuming depends on the method which resumed
-the execution. If :meth:`__next__` is used (typically via either a
+the execution. If :meth:`~generator.__next__` is used (typically via either a
 :keyword:`for` or the :func:`next` builtin) then the result is :const:`None`,
-otherwise, if :meth:`send` is used, then the result will be the value passed
-in to that method.
+otherwise, if :meth:`~generator.send` is used, then the result will be the
+value passed in to that method.
 
 .. index:: single: coroutine
 
@@ -352,16 +352,17 @@ transferred to the generator's caller.
 :keyword:`yield` expressions are allowed in the :keyword:`try` clause of a
 :keyword:`try` ...  :keyword:`finally` construct.  If the generator is not
 resumed before it is finalized (by reaching a zero reference count or by being
-garbage collected), the generator-iterator's :meth:`close` method will be
-called, allowing any pending :keyword:`finally` clauses to execute.
+garbage collected), the generator-iterator's :meth:`~generator.close` method
+will be called, allowing any pending :keyword:`finally` clauses to execute.
 
 When ``yield from <expr>`` is used, it treats the supplied expression as
 a subiterator. All values produced by that subiterator are passed directly
 to the caller of the current generator's methods. Any values passed in with
-:meth:`send` and any exceptions passed in with :meth:`throw` are passed to
-the underlying iterator if it has the appropriate methods. If this is not the
-case, then :meth:`send` will raise :exc:`AttributeError` or :exc:`TypeError`,
-while :meth:`throw` will just raise the passed in exception immediately.
+:meth:`~generator.send` and any exceptions passed in with
+:meth:`~generator.throw` are passed to the underlying iterator if it has the
+appropriate methods.  If this is not the case, then :meth:`~generator.send`
+will raise :exc:`AttributeError` or :exc:`TypeError`, while
+:meth:`~generator.throw` will just raise the passed in exception immediately.
 
 When the underlying iterator is complete, the :attr:`~StopIteration.value`
 attribute of the raised :exc:`StopIteration` instance becomes the value of
@@ -388,6 +389,7 @@ Note that calling any of the generator methods below when the generator
 is already executing raises a :exc:`ValueError` exception.
 
 .. index:: exception: StopIteration
+.. class:: generator
 
 
 .. method:: generator.__next__()
@@ -438,6 +440,7 @@ is already executing raises a :exc:`ValueError` exception.
    other exception, it is propagated to the caller.  :meth:`close` does nothing
    if the generator has already exited due to an exception or normal exit.
 
+.. class:: .
 
 .. index:: single: yield; examples
 
@@ -630,10 +633,10 @@ follows.  If the slice list contains at least one comma, the key is a tuple
 containing the conversion of the slice items; otherwise, the conversion of the
 lone slice item is the key.  The conversion of a slice item that is an
 expression is that expression.  The conversion of a proper slice is a slice
-object (see section :ref:`types`) whose :attr:`start`, :attr:`stop` and
-:attr:`step` attributes are the values of the expressions given as lower bound,
-upper bound and stride, respectively, substituting ``None`` for missing
-expressions.
+object (see section :ref:`types`) whose :attr:`~slice.start`,
+:attr:`~slice.stop` and :attr:`~slice.step` attributes are the values of the
+expressions given as lower bound, upper bound and stride, respectively,
+substituting ``None`` for missing expressions.
 
 
 .. index::