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Andrew Svetlov 13 years ago
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      Doc/library/profile.rst

237
Doc/library/profile.rst
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@ -240,11 +240,12 @@ reading the source code for these modules.
43/3 0.533 0.012 0.749 0.250 pobject.py:99(evaluate)
...
The first line indicates that 2706 calls were monitored. Of those calls, 2004
were :dfn:`primitive`. We define :dfn:`primitive` to mean that the call was not
induced via recursion. The next line: ``Ordered by: standard name``, indicates
that the text string in the far right column was used to sort the output. The
column headings include:
The first line indicates that 2706 calls were monitored. Of those
calls, 2004 were :dfn:`primitive`. We define :dfn:`primitive` to
mean that the call was not induced via recursion. The next line:
``Ordered by: standard name``, indicates that the text string in
the far right column was used to sort the output. The column
headings include:
ncalls
for the number of calls,
@ -266,14 +267,14 @@ reading the source code for these modules.
filename:lineno(function)
provides the respective data of each function
When there are two numbers in the first column (for example, ``43/3``), then the
latter is the number of primitive calls, and the former is the actual number of
calls. Note that when the function does not recurse, these two values are the
same, and only the single figure is printed.
When there are two numbers in the first column (for example,
``43/3``), then the latter is the number of primitive calls, and
the former is the actual number of calls. Note that when the
function does not recurse, these two values are the same, and only
the single figure is printed.
If *sort* is given, it can be one of ``'stdname'`` (sort by filename:lineno),
``'calls'`` (sort by number of calls), ``'time'`` (sort by total time) or
``'cumulative'`` (sort by cumulative time). The default is ``'stdname'``.
If *sort* is given, it can be one of values allowed for *key*
parameter from :meth:`pstats.Stats.sort_stats`.
.. function:: runctx(command, globals, locals, filename=None)
@ -291,19 +292,22 @@ Analysis of the profiler data is done using the :class:`pstats.Stats` class.
.. class:: Stats(*filenames, stream=sys.stdout)
This class constructor creates an instance of a "statistics object" from a
*filename* (or set of filenames). :class:`Stats` objects are manipulated by
methods, in order to print useful reports. You may specify an alternate output
stream by giving the keyword argument, ``stream``.
The file selected by the above constructor must have been created by the
corresponding version of :mod:`profile` or :mod:`cProfile`. To be specific,
there is *no* file compatibility guaranteed with future versions of this
profiler, and there is no compatibility with files produced by other profilers.
If several files are provided, all the statistics for identical functions will
be coalesced, so that an overall view of several processes can be considered in
a single report. If additional files need to be combined with data in an
existing :class:`Stats` object, the :meth:`add` method can be used.
This class constructor creates an instance of a "statistics object"
from a *filename* (or set of filenames). :class:`Stats` objects
are manipulated by methods, in order to print useful reports. You
may specify an alternate output stream by giving the keyword
argument, ``stream``.
The file selected by the above constructor must have been created
by the corresponding version of :mod:`profile` or :mod:`cProfile`.
To be specific, there is *no* file compatibility guaranteed with
future versions of this profiler, and there is no compatibility
with files produced by other profilers. If several files are
provided, all the statistics for identical functions will be
coalesced, so that an overall view of several processes can be
considered in a single report. If additional files need to be
combined with data in an existing :class:`Stats` object, the
:meth:`add` method can be used.
.. (such as the old system profiler).
@ -318,15 +322,17 @@ The :class:`Stats` Class
.. method:: Stats.strip_dirs()
This method for the :class:`Stats` class removes all leading path information
from file names. It is very useful in reducing the size of the printout to fit
within (close to) 80 columns. This method modifies the object, and the stripped
information is lost. After performing a strip operation, the object is
considered to have its entries in a "random" order, as it was just after object
initialization and loading. If :meth:`strip_dirs` causes two function names to
be indistinguishable (they are on the same line of the same filename, and have
the same function name), then the statistics for these two entries are
accumulated into a single entry.
This method for the :class:`Stats` class removes all leading path
information from file names. It is very useful in reducing the
size of the printout to fit within (close to) 80 columns. This
method modifies the object, and the stripped information is lost.
After performing a strip operation, the object is considered to
have its entries in a "random" order, as it was just after object
initialization and loading. If :meth:`strip_dirs` causes two
function names to be indistinguishable (they are on the same line
of the same filename, and have the same function name), then the
statistics for these two entries are accumulated into a single
entry.
.. method:: Stats.add(*filenames)
@ -340,23 +346,25 @@ The :class:`Stats` Class
.. method:: Stats.dump_stats(filename)
Save the data loaded into the :class:`Stats` object to a file named *filename*.
The file is created if it does not exist, and is overwritten if it already
exists. This is equivalent to the method of the same name on the
:class:`profile.Profile` and :class:`cProfile.Profile` classes.
Save the data loaded into the :class:`Stats` object to a file named
*filename*. The file is created if it does not exist, and is
overwritten if it already exists. This is equivalent to the method
of the same name on the :class:`profile.Profile` and
:class:`cProfile.Profile` classes.
.. method:: Stats.sort_stats(*keys)
This method modifies the :class:`Stats` object by sorting it according to the
supplied criteria. The argument is typically a string identifying the basis of
a sort (example: ``'time'`` or ``'name'``).
This method modifies the :class:`Stats` object by sorting it
according to the supplied criteria. The argument is typically a
string identifying the basis of a sort (example: ``'time'`` or
``'name'``).
When more than one key is provided, then additional keys are used as secondary
criteria when there is equality in all keys selected before them. For example,
``sort_stats('name', 'file')`` will sort all the entries according to their
function name, and resolve all ties (identical function names) by sorting by
file name.
When more than one key is provided, then additional keys are used
as secondary criteria when there is equality in all keys selected
before them. For example, ``sort_stats('name', 'file')`` will sort
all the entries according to their function name, and resolve all
ties (identical function names) by sorting by file name.
Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the abbreviation is
unambiguous. The following are the keys currently defined:
@ -368,10 +376,16 @@ The :class:`Stats` Class
+------------------+----------------------+
| ``'cumulative'`` | cumulative time |
+------------------+----------------------+
| ``'cumtime'`` | cumulative time |
+------------------+----------------------+
| ``'file'`` | file name |
+------------------+----------------------+
| ``'filename'`` | file name |
+------------------+----------------------+
| ``'module'`` | file name |
+------------------+----------------------+
| ``'ncalls'`` | call count |
+------------------+----------------------+
| ``'pcalls'`` | primitive call count |
+------------------+----------------------+
| ``'line'`` | line number |
@ -384,51 +398,60 @@ The :class:`Stats` Class
+------------------+----------------------+
| ``'time'`` | internal time |
+------------------+----------------------+
| ``'tottime'`` | internal time |
+------------------+----------------------+
Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing most time
consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number searches are in
ascending order (alphabetical). The subtle distinction between ``'nfl'`` and
``'stdname'`` is that the standard name is a sort of the name as printed, which
means that the embedded line numbers get compared in an odd way. For example,
lines 3, 20, and 40 would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string
order 20, 3 and 40. In contrast, ``'nfl'`` does a numeric compare of the line
numbers. In fact, ``sort_stats('nfl')`` is the same as ``sort_stats('name',
'file', 'line')``.
For backward-compatibility reasons, the numeric arguments ``-1``, ``0``, ``1``,
and ``2`` are permitted. They are interpreted as ``'stdname'``, ``'calls'``,
``'time'``, and ``'cumulative'`` respectively. If this old style format
(numeric) is used, only one sort key (the numeric key) will be used, and
additional arguments will be silently ignored.
Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line
number searches are in ascending order (alphabetical). The subtle
distinction between ``'nfl'`` and ``'stdname'`` is that the
standard name is a sort of the name as printed, which means that
the embedded line numbers get compared in an odd way. For example,
lines 3, 20, and 40 would (if the file names were the same) appear
in the string order 20, 3 and 40. In contrast, ``'nfl'`` does a
numeric compare of the line numbers. In fact,
``sort_stats('nfl')`` is the same as ``sort_stats('name', 'file',
'line')``.
For backward-compatibility reasons, the numeric arguments ``-1``,
``0``, ``1``, and ``2`` are permitted. They are interpreted as
``'stdname'``, ``'calls'``, ``'time'``, and ``'cumulative'``
respectively. If this old style format (numeric) is used, only one
sort key (the numeric key) will be used, and additional arguments
will be silently ignored.
.. For compatibility with the old profiler,
.. method:: Stats.reverse_order()
This method for the :class:`Stats` class reverses the ordering of the basic list
within the object. Note that by default ascending vs descending order is
properly selected based on the sort key of choice.
This method for the :class:`Stats` class reverses the ordering of
the basic list within the object. Note that by default ascending
vs descending order is properly selected based on the sort key of
choice.
.. This method is provided primarily for compatibility with the old profiler.
.. method:: Stats.print_stats(*restrictions)
This method for the :class:`Stats` class prints out a report as described in the
:func:`profile.run` definition.
This method for the :class:`Stats` class prints out a report as
described in the :func:`profile.run` definition.
The order of the printing is based on the last :meth:`sort_stats` operation done
on the object (subject to caveats in :meth:`add` and :meth:`strip_dirs`).
The order of the printing is based on the last :meth:`sort_stats`
operation done on the object (subject to caveats in :meth:`add` and
:meth:`strip_dirs`).
The arguments provided (if any) can be used to limit the list down to the
significant entries. Initially, the list is taken to be the complete set of
profiled functions. Each restriction is either an integer (to select a count of
lines), or a decimal fraction between 0.0 and 1.0 inclusive (to select a
percentage of lines), or a regular expression (to pattern match the standard
name that is printed; as of Python 1.5b1, this uses the Perl-style regular
expression syntax defined by the :mod:`re` module). If several restrictions are
provided, then they are applied sequentially. For example::
The arguments provided (if any) can be used to limit the list down
to the significant entries. Initially, the list is taken to be the
complete set of profiled functions. Each restriction is either an
integer (to select a count of lines), or a decimal fraction between
0.0 and 1.0 inclusive (to select a percentage of lines), or a
regular expression (to pattern match the standard name that is
printed; as of Python 1.5b1, this uses the Perl-style regular
expression syntax defined by the :mod:`re` module). If several
restrictions are provided, then they are applied sequentially. For
example::
print_stats(.1, 'foo:')
@ -455,17 +478,19 @@ The :class:`Stats` Class
non-parenthesized number repeats the cumulative time spent in the function
at the right.
* With :mod:`cProfile`, each caller is preceded by three numbers: the number of
times this specific call was made, and the total and cumulative times spent in
the current function while it was invoked by this specific caller.
* With :mod:`cProfile`, each caller is preceded by three numbers:
the number of times this specific call was made, and the total
and cumulative times spent in the current function while it was
invoked by this specific caller.
.. method:: Stats.print_callees(*restrictions)
This method for the :class:`Stats` class prints a list of all function that were
called by the indicated function. Aside from this reversal of direction of
calls (re: called vs was called by), the arguments and ordering are identical to
the :meth:`print_callers` method.
This method for the :class:`Stats` class prints a list of all
function that were called by the indicated function. Aside from
this reversal of direction of calls (re: called vs was called by),
the arguments and ordering are identical to the
:meth:`print_callers` method.
.. _profile-limits:
@ -566,29 +591,33 @@ you want to the :class:`Profile` class constructor::
The resulting profiler will then call :func:`your_time_func`.
:class:`profile.Profile`
:func:`your_time_func` should return a single number, or a list of numbers whose
sum is the current time (like what :func:`os.times` returns). If the function
returns a single time number, or the list of returned numbers has length 2, then
you will get an especially fast version of the dispatch routine.
Be warned that you should calibrate the profiler class for the timer function
that you choose. For most machines, a timer that returns a lone integer value
will provide the best results in terms of low overhead during profiling.
(:func:`os.times` is *pretty* bad, as it returns a tuple of floating point
values). If you want to substitute a better timer in the cleanest fashion,
derive a class and hardwire a replacement dispatch method that best handles your
timer call, along with the appropriate calibration constant.
:func:`your_time_func` should return a single number, or a list of
numbers whose sum is the current time (like what :func:`os.times`
returns). If the function returns a single time number, or the
list of returned numbers has length 2, then you will get an
especially fast version of the dispatch routine.
Be warned that you should calibrate the profiler class for the
timer function that you choose. For most machines, a timer that
returns a lone integer value will provide the best results in terms
of low overhead during profiling. (:func:`os.times` is *pretty*
bad, as it returns a tuple of floating point values). If you want
to substitute a better timer in the cleanest fashion, derive a
class and hardwire a replacement dispatch method that best handles
your timer call, along with the appropriate calibration constant.
:class:`cProfile.Profile`
:func:`your_time_func` should return a single number. If it returns
integers, you can also invoke the class constructor with a second argument
specifying the real duration of one unit of time. For example, if
:func:`your_integer_time_func` returns times measured in thousands of seconds,
you would construct the :class:`Profile` instance as follows::
:func:`your_time_func` should return a single number. If it
returns integers, you can also invoke the class constructor with a
second argument specifying the real duration of one unit of time.
For example, if :func:`your_integer_time_func` returns times
measured in thousands of seconds, you would construct the
:class:`Profile` instance as follows::
pr = profile.Profile(your_integer_time_func, 0.001)
As the :mod:`cProfile.Profile` class cannot be calibrated, custom timer
functions should be used with care and should be as fast as possible. For the
best results with a custom timer, it might be necessary to hard-code it in the C
source of the internal :mod:`_lsprof` module.
As the :mod:`cProfile.Profile` class cannot be calibrated, custom
timer functions should be used with care and should be as fast as
possible. For the best results with a custom timer, it might be
necessary to hard-code it in the C source of the internal
:mod:`_lsprof` module.
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